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Elevated levels of testosterone in male birds cause them to sing during the breeding season.The elevated hormone is considered a(n) ______ cause of this behavior.


A) proximate
B) ultimate
C) behavioral
D) environmental

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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The simplest type of learning is called _____ learning.


A) associative
B) classical
C) nonassociative
D) operant

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Optimal foraging theory predicts:


A) that animals will select the most nutritious foods.
B) that animals will select the best times to forage for the most nutritious foods.
C) that animals will select whatever foods are available to avoid traveling too far from their home range.
D) that animals will select food items that maximize their net energy intake per unit of foraging time.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following scientists studied bees and their communications?


A) Lorenz
B) Tinbergen
C) Wilson
D) von Frisch

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Discuss optimal foraging theory.

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Optimal foraging theory posits that an a...

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___________ is the performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor.

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A goose attempts to retrieve an egg that is removed from the nest.This is an example of:


A) a sign stimulus
B) imprinting
C) a fixed action pattern
D) kin selection

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Infants born blind will not smile or frown because they have never seen anyone exhibit these expressions.

A) True
B) False

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The field of _____ focuses on the ultimate cause of animal behavior in natural conditions.

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