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_____ allows individuals to understand themselves and provides them with a source of identity.


A) Chunking
B) Retroactive interference
C) Vigilance
D) Autobiographical memory

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Motivated forgetting is usually associated with _____.


A) echoic memories
B) iconic memories
C) short-term memories
D) traumatic memories

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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Charlie has opted to study both Spanish and French in school this semester.As he studies a list of words for his French test,he realizes that he has forgotten the list of Spanish words he learnt the day before.In the context of retrieval failure,this is an example of


A) anterograde amnesiA.
B) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C) prospective memory.
D) retroactive interference.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Attention is selective because the brain's resources are limited-they cannot attend to everything.

A) True
B) False

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Encoding failure occurs when


A) an individual is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it.
B) memories are lost from storage over a span of time.
C) the information never entered long-term memory.
D) other information gets in the way of what an individual wants to remember.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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In the context of memory storage,which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual encodes new information into memory?


A) the right temporal lobe
B) the right frontal lobe
C) the left frontal lobe
D) the left temporal lobe

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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As Steve drives through the highway,he notices a bright neon sign.Despite passing the sign,he is able to see the words for a brief moment.In this scenario,Steve was able to recall the image due to his


A) echoic memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) procedural memory.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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In the context of memory encoding,describe the concept of elaboration.

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Elaboration refers to the formation of a...

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A young girl recounting the events in a movie she has just seen is an example of implicit memory.

A) True
B) False

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Mary was challenged by her friend,Kate,to memorize 15 letters,C,I,A,C,B,S,A,B,C,F,B,I,I,R,and S,in the same order,within half a minute.Mary arranged these alphabets into groups: CIA,CBS,ABC,FBI,and IRS.This made it easier for her to meet Kate's challenge.In this scenario,Mary has used the tactic of


A) self-reference.
B) chunking.
C) rehearsal.
D) priming.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Robert has one week to prepare for a very important history exam.Jacob,his friend,is a psychology major. Robert has well-organized study notes,but he asks Jacob for tips on how to rehearse the information in his notes.What study tips is Jacob most likely to give Robert?

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The tips that Jacob gives Robert may inc...

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Jane loves to read.However,she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences.If she cannot associate a story with her own life,she is unable to recall it at a later stage.In this scenario,Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories.


A) divided attention
B) self-reference
C) serial positioning
D) shallow processing

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.

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Short-term memory is a limited-capacity ...

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Vince injured his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident.Consequently,Vince's implicit memory was affected.In the context of memory,which of the following is most likely to happen?


A) Vince will not remember how to ride his motorcycle.
B) Vince will not remember his name and age.
C) Vince will not be able to recognize his wife.
D) Vince will not be able to recollect his childhood memories.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following is true of working memory?


A) Working memory allows individuals to hold information permanently as they perform cognitive tasks.
B) Working memory functions as a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to longterm memory.
C) Working memory capacity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes such as intelligence.
D) Working memory's storage capacity is virtually unlimiteD.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world,his or her areas of expertise,general knowledge,and everyday knowledge.


A) Semantic memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Implicit memory

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Two years ago,Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show.She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play.Now,Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the monologue.Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying?


A) the recency effect
B) proactive interference
C) retroactive interference
D) the primacy effect

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Ryan remembers the time he drove past several acres of cotton fields on the way to his hometown.This is an episodic memory.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following is true of long-term memory?


A) It is a temporary type of memory.
B) It consists of echoic memory and iconic memory.
C) It has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.
D) It is an active memory encoding system.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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_____ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in networks among neurons,several of which may work together to process a single memory.


A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Schema theory
C) Connectionism
D) Frequency theory

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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