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Exam 5: Ecological Interactions Among Organisms

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Question 21

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Robert Paine was the first biologist to use the term keystone species in the 1960s. He was studying food webs in the rocky, intertidal pools in the Pacific Northwest. At one of his study sites, the dominant organisms in the tidal pools were mussels, barnacles, whelks, and a species of starfish known as Pisaster ochraceus . To examine the relationship between these species, Paine set up an experiment. In one area, he removed all the starfish from the tidal pools, and in an adjacent area, he left the tidal pools as he found them. Prior to removing the starfish, he sampled all the organisms in each pool. After two months, he repeated this sampling. A summary of his results is illustrated in the graph below. In Paine's study, the starfish are the top predators in this system and eat each of the other species mentioned. Whelks eat both mussels and barnacles, while both mussels and barnacles are filter feeders that feed on small particles in the water, including algae and other autotrophs. In terms of the number of organisms, you would expect __________ to have the highest number of individuals.

A) mussels
B) whelks
C) starfish
D) both whelks and starfish

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

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Which of the following is a disadvantage of living in social groups?

A) disease transmission
B) interspecific competition
C) coevolution
D) communication

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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Question 23

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In Chapter 3, you learned about the evolution of the 14 finch-like species on the Galapagos Islands. As shown in the figure below, each species has a different beak shape; thus, each species is adapted to feeding on different food sources. Which of the following statements is true about the Galapagos finches?

The Saguaro cactus is a large cactus found in some southwestern desert environments. It plays a central role in providing habitat for a variety of other species, and if these cacti die or are removed from the ecosystem, biodiversity declines. Thus, the Saguaro cactus is a __________.

Robert Paine was the first biologist to use the term keystone species in the 1960s. He was studying food webs in the rocky, intertidal pools in the Pacific Northwest. At one of his study sites, the dominant organisms in the tidal pools were mussels, barnacles, whelks, and a species of starfish known as Pisaster ochraceus . To examine the relationship between these species, Paine set up an experiment. In one area, he removed all the starfish from the tidal pools, and in an adjacent area, he left the tidal pools as he found them. Prior to removing the starfish, he sampled all the organisms in each pool. After two months, he repeated this sampling. A summary of his results is illustrated in the graph below. After two months, Paine repeated the sampling. In this experiment, he is sampling the __________.

Spiders are predators that will eat just about any animal they can subdue. A spider that feeds on crickets is thus a __________.

If you pick up a handful of soil from your garden, everything you are holding in your hand represents a(n) __________.

The image below represents the termites, bacteria, and protists that together share a mutualistic relationship. These organisms, which all live together, would be considered a(n) __________.

Robert Paine was the first biologist to use the term keystone species in the 1960s. He was studying food webs in the rocky, intertidal pools in the Pacific Northwest. At one of his study sites, the dominant organisms in the tidal pools were mussels, barnacles, whelks, and a species of starfish known as Pisaster ochraceus . To examine the relationship between these species, Paine set up an experiment. In one area, he removed all the starfish from the tidal pools, and in an adjacent area, he left the tidal pools as he found them. Prior to removing the starfish, he sampled all the organisms in each pool. After two months, he repeated this sampling. A summary of his results is illustrated in the graph below. Based on these results, would you consider the starfish to be a keystone predator?

In a simple laboratory experiment, a researcher maintained two different species of single-celled protists, Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia . He recorded population growth of each species individually and then mixed a similar number of individuals from each population and recorded their growth rates when living together. The graphs below represent the results of this experiment. Based on the graph of the mixed culture, what can you determine about the niche for each individual species?

Interspecific competition includes all of the following EXCEPT competition for __________.

A beetle that feeds on the leaves of sunflowers is eaten by a spider. Possums will eat both beetles and spiders. The secondary consumers in this food web is(are) the __________.

A researcher surveys the number of salamanders in a population in Michigan each year. Over a 10-year period, the number of individuals that she counts in the population varies. Which of the following might explain the variation in this count from year to year?

In a simple laboratory experiment, a researcher maintained two different species of single-celled protists, Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia . He recorded population growth of each species individually and then mixed a similar number of individuals from each population and recorded their growth rates when living together. The graphs below represent the results of this experiment. Based on the graph of the mixed culture, what is happening?

The ultimate source(s) of energy, on which all living organisms depend, is(are) __________.

A beetle that feeds on the leaves of sunflowers is eaten by a spider. Possums will eat both beetles and spiders. If these organisms were represented in an energy pyramid, which group would have the smallest number of organisms?

Which of the following forms of communication do not rely on vision?

Among Madagascar hissing cockroaches, males have horns that they use to fight with one another for access to mates. Typically, the largest male with the biggest horns wins most of the fights and tends to mate with most of the females. This is an example of __________.

Susan is studying tree growth in two regions that have been logged. One site was logged 10 years previously, and the second was logged two years prior to her study. In each of these study areas, she counts the number and types of trees that have a diameter greater than 5 cm. At the first site, she finds 10 scotch pines, 20 oak trees, and 5 dogwoods. At the second site she records 15 oak trees and 10 maple trees. Her study includes _____ organisms, _____ populations, and _____ communities.

Susan is studying tree growth in two regions that have been logged. One site was logged 10 years previously, and the second was logged two years prior to her study. In each of these study areas, she counts the number and types of trees that have a diameter greater than 5 cm. At the first site, she finds 10 scotch pines, 20 oak trees, and 5 dogwoods. At the second site she records 15 oak trees and 10 maple trees. Based solely on the trees in Susan's study, which site represents the greater species diversity?