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Explain Kochanska's integrative theory of infant-caregiver attachments,including the implications for the role of caregiving and temperament in shaping attachment style.

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Kochanska's integrative theory of infant...

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Parents who are self-centred and rigid,or who are overzealous and provide too much stimulation,tend to have infants with which type of attachment?


A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Kirsten is taking her 1-year-old son,Oscar,to visit an infant-toddler program that she is hoping to enrol him in.Oscar eagerly explores the waiting room until Kirsten leaves fill out the registration forms.Oscar becomes somewhat upset and though the other parents try to calm him down,their attempts are unsuccessful.When Kirsten returns Oscar stops protesting and then offers a toy to one of the other parents.Based on this information,how would you characterize Oscar's attachment?


A) as uninhibited
B) as resistant
C) as secure
D) as avoidant

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Describe which type of working models arise from a secure,resistant,avoidant,or disorganized/disoriented attachment style in infancy.

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Secure attachment style in infancy typic...

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What does the adaptive regulation of emotions involve?


A) maintaining or suppressing negative emotions
B) suppressing some forms of emotional arousal while maintaining or intensifying others
C) maintaining or intensifying positive emotions
D) suppressing all negative emotions

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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According to Mary Ainsworth,what type of attachment characterizes a child who shows no concern when a caregiver leaves the child's immediate environment,and then does not seem to notice the caregiver's return?


A) avoidant
B) secure
C) resistant
D) inhibited

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Compare and contrast the ethological and cognitive-developmental viewpoints regarding attachment-related fears in infancy.

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The ethological viewpoint regarding atta...

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Suppose that you read an article and the author states: "Unlike diamonds,attachments are not forever." Would longitudinal research findings support this statement?


A) partially, because secure attachments can become insecure if the responsiveness of the attachment figure deteriorates
B) partially, because insecure attachments can become secure if the responsiveness of the attachment figure improves
C) no, because only attachments made in later childhood or adulthood can be modified
D) yes, because attachments made in infancy can change if the responsiveness of the attachment figure changes markedly

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Marcel is an even-tempered baby who always seems to be smiling and gurgling,and his parents can count on him to be sleepy when it is nap time.Based on this description how would you categorize Marcel's temperament?


A) as slow to warm up
B) as difficult
C) as disengaged
D) as easy

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following characterizes the developmental time course of wary reactions to strangers?


A) They emerge at about 2 months but disappear by the age of 12 months.
B) They emerge at about 9 months and gradually increase in intensity through to 24 months.
C) They peak at 8 to 10 months and then gradually decline in intensity.
D) They peak at about 24 months and then rapidly decline in intensity.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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According to Kagan,which type of attachment is an infant who has a difficult temperament most likely to form?


A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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According to Mary Ainsworth,what type of attachment characterizes a child who is wary of strangers and who is ambivalent toward his or her primary caregiver when the caregiver leaves the infant's immediate environment for a short time period?


A) secure
B) avoidant
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) resistant

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Briefly summarize evidence on the role of feeding,contact comfort,and caregiver responsiveness in the formation of infant-to-caregiver attachment.

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(a)Feeding: Freud,traditional learning t...

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Which of the following is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year?


A) anger
B) embarrassment
C) disgust
D) pride

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Compare and contrast the parental-leave policy in Canada with that of other countries.How does parental leave impact the parent-child relationship?

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Parental leave policies vary greatly fro...

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Suppose that an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her.Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant?


A) an adult who offers a toy
B) a preschool child who offers a toy
C) an adult who picks up the infant to play or talk
D) another infant who is crying

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Identify and describe two fears that are related to the formation of a primary attachment relationship.

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One fear related to the formation of a p...

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Andrew was expecting his grandmother to give him a game that he had been asking for.He was disappointed when he opened his grandmother's present and found she had given him socks and underwear instead.Based on the research into the acquisition of emotional display rules,what emotions might you expect Andrew to exhibit?


A) As long as Andrew is at least 4, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
B) If Andrew is over the age of 6, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift.
C) Even if Andrew is 8 years old, he may not be able to successfully mask his disappointment.
D) Andrew will openly express resentment when he sees the gift, regardless of his age.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following attributes are considered to be important components of temperament?


A) activity level, fearfulness, and sociability
B) activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability
C) fearfulness, openness, and conscientiousness
D) sociability, irritability, and empathy

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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Based on current research,what general conclusion can be made regarding the relationship between quality of daycare and developmental outcomes?


A) Regardless of its quality, daycare does not provide an environment conducive to positive outcomes.
B) High-quality daycare makes little difference for children who come from an already advantaged home.
C) Quality of daycare is not as important as is the employment status of the parent(s) .
D) High-quality daycare has generally positive outcomes for both advantaged and disadvantaged children.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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